“An Advertisement for Radium Induced Makeup Products.” Library of Congress , 3 Aug. 2016, www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/radium.html. Advertisements for radium cosmetics like this were seen frequently in 20th century USA. This one specifically details the benefits of radium to the skin.
Archive, Oz TV VHS, director. Radium City. YouTube, YouTube, 22 June 2018, m.youtube.com/watch? v=r4eV1F6VPHg. This is a documentary about Illinois dial painters. It includes footage of a girl lip pointing, or licking her brush to paint dials.
Blum, Deborah. “The U.S. Radium Corporation of New Jersey Described Its Luminous Paint as a ‘Supplement to Electric Light.’” Undark.org, 16 Mar. 2016, undark.org/article/undark-science- journalism-matters/. Undark.org provides several primary source photos of radium commercials, such as this one. It shows the luminous paint named ‘Undark’, and showcases its benefits.
Boesch, Eugene. “Historical American Engineering Record .” Philadelphia Support Office. This is an HAER on USRC. It explains in detail what USRC used radium for.
Budanovic, Nikola. “A Girl Painting a Watch Dial.” The Vintage News, 19 Dec. 2017, www.thevintagenews.com/2017/12/19/radium-girls/. This is a photo of a girl painting a watch dial. It shows how most women would go about with their work.
Cardos , Nicole. “The Lower Jawbone of Mollie Maggia, the First Death among the New Jersey ‘Radium Girls.’” WTTW News, 11 May 2017, news.wttw.com/2017/05/11/america-s-forgotten- radium-girls-take-lead-new-book. Before Mollie Maggia died, her lower jawbone was so badly weakened her dentist extracted. it by hand. This is a photo of what the it looked like after the extraction.
Cardos, Nicole. “Charlotte Purcell, a Dial Painter in Ottawa, Illinois, Demonstrates Lip-Pointing.” WTTW News, 11 May 2017, news.wttw.com/2017/05/11/america-s-forgotten-radium-girls- take-lead-new-book. Charlotte Purcell, a worker whose arm had been amputated due to radiation cancer prior to this photo, demonstrates the lip dip paint method. This shows how women licked their brushes.
Dabbs, Zachary. “Letter Sent to Dr.James Ewing.” National Archives, 4 Jan. 2018, text- message.blogs.archives.gov/2018/01/04/the-radium-girls-at-the-national-archives/. This letter was sent to Ewing from the second physician on the girls board, Lloyd Craver. It describes Grace Fryer, a Radium girl, and her condition in the hospital.
Dabbs, Zachary. “Letter Sent to James Ewing.” National Archives, 4 Jan. 2018, text- message.blogs.archives.gov/2018/01/04/the-radium-girls-at-the-national-archives/. This letter was sent to Ewing. It describes in detail the process of what would happen in court the day of the five women’s lawsuit.
Dabbs, Zachary. “Settlement Agreement Page One.” National Archives, 4 Jan. 2018, text- message.blogs.archives.gov/2018/01/04/the-radium-girls-at-the-national-archives/. This is the first page of the Settlement Agreement sent to the Radium Girls. It describes the amount of money the girls would receive.
Dabbs, Zachary. “Settlement Agreement Page Three.” National Archives, 4 Jan. 2018, text- message.blogs.archives.gov/2018/01/04/the-radium-girls-at-the-national-archives/. This is the third page of the Settlement Agreement sent to the Radium Girls. It continues the description from the second page.
Dabbs, Zachary. “Settlement Agreement Page Two.” National Archives, 4 Jan. 2018, text- message.blogs.archives.gov/2018/01/04/the-radium-girls-at-the-national-archives/. This is the second page of the Settlement Agreement sent to the Radium Girls. It explains that the girls needed three experience physicians to backup their claims.
DeVille, Kevin, and Mark Steiner. New Jersey Dial Painters and the Dynamics of Occupational Disease Litigations in the Early Twentieth Century. vol. 62, 1997, pp. 1–35, New Jersey Dial Painters and the Dynamics of Occupational Disease Litigations in the Early Twentieth Century. I used this Law review as it contained information about the business side of the Radium Girl story. I quoted some parts which I used in my website.
Estrada, Matt. “ ‘Radium Dials’ Referred to Illuminated Clock Hands Garnering Their Brightness from Zinc Sulfide's Tendency to Luminesce When Struck with Radioactive Elements. .” Stanford.edu, 22 Mar. 2015, large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/estrada2/. A watch dial like this one is what the girls would paint to make luminous daily. This picture shows that it glows in the dark, a reason they were so adored.
Gunderman, Richard, and Angela Gonda. Radium Girls. vol. 274, Indiana University, 2015, pp. 1–5, Radium Girls. Cecil Drinker’s report on USRC proved he suspected something strange at play in the factory. Upon hearing this, USRC managers forged the report in attempts to make it sound postive. This report has an excerpt from Drinker’s report.
Mays, Ed, director. Kate Moore: The Radium Girls. YouTube, YouTube, 21 June 2017, m.youtube.com/watch?v=SS6X8ZWI69c. I utilized some audio from this clip of Kate Moore reading an excerpt from her book in my website. I used a part in which she describes a young Katherine Schaub, and her delight in first seeing radium.
“Public Employees Occupational Health and Safety Act.” State of New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. https://www.nj.gov/labor/lsse/laws/peosha_law.html. Web. This act, one of the few influenced by the Radium Girls story, offers details on rules and regulations in workspaces. I quoted few of the rules in my website.
“Radioactive Substances, Especially Radium .” Nobel Lecture. June 2018, June 6, 1905, June 6, 1905. This is the Curie’s Nobel Lecture after they received the Nobel Prize in Physics, split between Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, And Henri Becquerel. Pierre states that radium is thought to be dangerous, and I quoted that in my website.
Seeker. “Radium Was a Miracle Product, Until it Started Killing People.” Online video clip. YouTube, YouTube. 4 May 2017. Web. This was a YouTube video helpful to me as it provided clips from radium commercials in the 1920s. I used one clip in my website.
Tompa , Rachel. “From Left to Right: Quinta McDonald, Edna Hussman, Albina Larice, Katherine Schaub and Grace Fryer on June 4, 1928.” Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 23 May 2017, www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2017/05/radium-girls-chronicles-century- old-fight-workplace-safety.html. This is a picture of the Five Doomed Women, or the women who filed suit against USRC despite being close to death. It shows us that despite their illnesses, they appear determined to fight for justice.
“United States Radium Corporation, Paint Application Building, 422 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ.” Library of Congress , www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.nj1644.photos/?sp=1. This is a picture of USRC in the 1990s. It was taken long after the New Jersey dial painters.
Weinstein, Gerald. “The United States Radium Corporation's Radium Crystallization Laboratory.” Library of Congress, 19 Dec. 2017, www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/hhh.nj1645.photos.384850p/. USRC’S radium crystallization laboratory is where the men workers would work. It was believed that the amount of radium the men were working with was much more harmful than the amount the women were working with, so they were given masks and aprons to wear while working.
Wesson, Stephen. “‘The Radium Dance,’ 1904.” Library of Congress Blogs, 7 July 2011, blogs.loc.gov/teachers/2011/07/science-in-popular-culture-let’s-do-the-radium-dance/. “The Radium Dance” by Jean Schwartz made its debut in the hit Broadway musical “Piff! Paff! Pouf!”. In it, dancers jump rope with luminous skipping ropes, making the sing even more loved.
Whitman, Sarah. “The New Jersey Dial Painters.” Undark.org, 20 July 2017, undark.org/article/radium-girls-book-review/. This citation is the picture of the original New Jersey dial painters, with Mollie Maggia located third from the right. This picture was taken at a company social, and show just how young the girls were, and how happy they seemed to be working for USRC.
Willis, Carl. “Undark in the 1940’s.” Wordpress.com, 14 May 2012, carlwillis.wordpress.com/2012/05/14/u-s-radium-then-and-now/. Undark was often placed in vials like this one, and would glow in the dark. This is what girls used to paint watch dials at USRC.
Willis, Carl. “United States Radium Corporation in 2012 .” Wordpress.com, 14 May 2012, carlwillis.wordpress.com/2012/05/14/u-s-radium-then-and-now/. A more recent picture of USRC, taken in 2012. The radiation levels have decreased significantly since.
Secondary Sources Allan, Laura. “14 Horrific Facts About The Women Forced To Get Radium Poisoning For Their Job.” Ranker, 2019 m.ranker.com/list/horrifying-facts-about-the-radium-girls/laura-allan. Web. This article separated fourteen interesting facts into paragraphs, which is helpful when merely skimming for detail. The format also proved to be full of details about each part of the Radium Girls story, helping me figure out a format for my website.
Aron, Nina Renata. “The 'Radium Girls' Literally Glowed from Their Work-and Then It Started Killing Them.” Timeline, Timeline, 8 May 2017, timeline.com/radium-girls-kate-moore-2bc5746f9a6b. Web. Radium had grown immensely in popularity at the time, and this website shows just how much. It was featured in movies, books, and countless cartoons, information which will help me when revising my outline.
Bellows, Alan. “Undark and the Radium Girls.” Damn Interesting, Damn Interesting, 18 May 2016. Web. What this website helped me the most with was that it focused mainly on one Radium Girl, Grace Fryer, which is great since I will want to separate facts about each girl on my website. This site also features a quote from one of the doctors who treated some of the girls, which is a helpful addition. Blum, Deborah. “The Radium Girls.” PLOS Ecology Community, 3 Jan. 2014, blogs.plos.org/speakeasyscience/2011/03/24/the-radium-girls/. Web. This source has insight on ways radium had been used before the time of the Radium Girls, like in the nuclear plants in Japan. It also explains how army required more watches visible in the dark (the radium paint made them glow) as the soldiers went into war, allowing many girls to be hired and paint dials for the military, which are details that will help me explain the origins of the story in my website.
Blum, Deborah. “The Radium Girls.” Wired, Conde Nast, 3 June 2017, www.wired.com/2011/03/the-radium-girls/. Web. I decided to use this site as a primary source as it had examples of ways radium has been used in the past as well as a thorough explanation on the Radium Girls. It also focused on scientists such as the Curies who had worked with radium, details that would help when describing the beginning of the story.
Budanovic, Nikola. “Page 10 of 1041 - The Vintage News Site.” The Vintage News, The Vintage News, 19 Dec. 2017, www.thevintagenews.com/page/10/. Web. Unlike several other sources I have cited, this website offers a plethora of details about more than just the girls themselves, such as the establishment of radium studios around America and the actual symptoms the girls had, like anemia and necrosis of the jaw. As a result, this site helped form part of my outline (describing the story itself).
Faircloth, Kelly. “Telling the Story of the Radium Girls, Who Died to Make Luminous Dials. 3 May 2017, pictorial.jezebel.com/telling-the-story-of- the-radium-girls-who-died-to-make-1794755802. Web. This site, like some others, also had an interview with Kate Moore, motivating me more to send her a request. The interview also offers details about Radium Girls in Ottawa, a less popular group, and pictures of them.
Fergusson, Maddie. “The Radium Girls - Still Glowing in Their Coffins.” The Spectator, The Spectator, 8 May 2017. Web. This article elaborates on the more uncommon symptoms of the girls, which helped when editing my outline and adding more information. Also included is something in no other source, which is that, five years after the first Radium Girl had died (Mollie Maggia), they had exhumed her coffin and realized she produced a soft glow, which proved she had Radium induced cancer.
Fonrouge, Gabrielle. “Skin Glowing from Radium, 'Ghost Girls' Died for a Greater Cause.” New York Post, New York Post, 22 Mar. 2017, nypost.com/2017/03/22/skin-glowing-from-radium-ghost-girls-died-for-a- greater-cause/.Web. Examples of Triumph and Tragedy are displayed in this website, since it describes how, following their triumph in their lawsuit against the Radium Corporation, the Radium Girls were given a fair compensation of ten thousand dollars each and six hundred for every year they lived until their eventual, tragic deaths. With this site, I learned how my topic fit the overall theme.
“Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.” Fred Hutch, 2019, www.fredhutch.org/en.html. Web. This website offered me pictures of the main radium girls who sued the corporation they worked for. I will use the images in my revised website.
Hersher, Rebecca. “Mae Keane, One of the Last 'Radium Girls,' Dies At 107.” NPR, NPR, 28 Dec. 2014, www.npr.org/2014/12/28/373510029/saved-by-a-bad-taste-one-of-the- last-radium-girls-dies-at-107. Web. Similar to some others, I considered this website was a great source as it had spoken about the life of one specific Radium Girl, Mae Keane, which is what I preferred since I plan on writing about specific girls in my website. The site also proved that the story of the Radium Girls didn’t produce solely tragedy, as Keane lived to be 107 years old despite the devastating cancer.
McAndrew, Tara McClellan. “The Radium Girls: An Illinois Tragedy.” NPR Illinois, 25 Jan. 2018, www.nprillinois.org/post/radium-girls-illinois-tragedy#stream/. Web. This website was helpful to me as while reading it, I gained insight on Radium Girls in Illinois, different from most articles which were about the Radium Girls in New Jersey. This website also procured information and pictures on a statue built in honor of the girls,proving their story still impacts people today.
Messy Nessy. “The Radium Girls and the Generation That Brushed Its Teeth with Radioactive Toothpaste.” Messy Nessy Chic, 4 July 2015. Web. A surplus of helpful pictures were offered to me from this website, such as advertisements for radium induced items from the time, as well as newspapers from the time detailing the triumph and tragedy of the story. I will use the newspaper pictures in my final website.
Moore, Kate. Personal email interview. February 6, 2019. I interviewed Kate Moore, who is the author of a book about the Radium Girls which I constantly used while working. She helped me by answering my questions and even correcting some of my knowledge, which was a huge help.
Moore, Kate. Radium Girls. Simon & Schuster Ltd, 2017. Print. Kate Moore is the author of a book I found helpful on the Radium Girls. Her book helped me find quotes from the time period which I could use in my website.
Moore, Kate. “The Forgotten Story of the Radium Girls, Whose Deaths Saved Thousands of Lives.” BuzzFeed, BuzzFeed, 5 May 2017. Web. Since this article was by Kate Moore, undoubtedly an expert on the Radium Girls, I cited it and used it several times when working on my outline. It has abundance of detail on every aspect of the story, from the events before, the actual events, the aftermath, and insight on several girls lives.
Moore, Kate. “The Forgotten Factory Girls Killed by Radioactive Poisoning.” The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 14 June 2016, www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/the-forgotten-factory-girls-killed- by-radioactive-poisoning/. Web. This website was written by Kate Moore, a reason why I used it. It also had a quote spoken by Katherine Schaub, one of the Radium Girls filing suit against USRC.
Prisco , Jacopo. “The Dark Times of Luminous Watches.” CNN, Cable News Network, 19 Dec. 2017, www.cnn.com/style/article/radium-girls-radioactive-paint/index.html. Web. Primary source material was included in this primary source itself, making it useful site to have. There were several pictures of radium-induced items as well as advertisements of radium from the time.
Stockton, Richard. “The Sad Deaths and Disfigurements of the 'Radium Girls'.” All That's Interesting, All That's Interesting, 22 Oct. 2018, allthatsinteresting.com/radium-girls. Web. This article explains exactly how the girls were tricked into thinking their work was safe, and how much they earned from it. There were quotes from the time too, which I will utilize in my final project.
“They Paid with Their Lives.” THE GIRLS - The Radium Girls. Web. I cited this source partly to gain more sources, since it relayed the Radium Girls story to me in the same way as many others and didn’t offer any unique information. It wasn’t the most helpful, but it had nice amounts of detail.
“The Radium Girls.” Atomic Heritage Foundation, 25 Apr. 2017. Web. As this was the first source I collected, it helped me achieve a basic understanding of the Radium Girls story and its outcome. Not only does it talk about the girls, it offers details on what happened before as well, such as the discovery of radium.
Valentine, Genevieve. “'The Radium Girls' Is Haunted By Glowing Ghosts.” NPR, NPR, 27 Apr. 2017, www.npr.org/2017/04/27/525765323/the-radium- girls-ishaunted- by-glowing-ghosts. Web. Like some other sites, this one had pictures which I will use in my website. One picture includes girls at work painting dials.
Whitman, Sarah. “Truth, Beauty, Science.” Undark, 2017, undark.org/. There were many pictures in this article that I will use. One includes a picture of first generation dial painters.
Zasky, Jason. “The Radium Girls.” What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President? Kevin Mattson - Failure Magazine, 17 Sept. 2017, failuremag.com/article/the-radium-girls. Web. I mainly utilized this site for the detailed interview with Moore that it procured, helping me formulate good interview questions. It included details about the girls salary, their lawsuit, and their reputations following the cancer (as few of them had been wrongly diagnosed with STDs.) Zhang, Sarah. “The Girls With Radioactive Bones.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 2 Mar. 2017. Web. This site was useful to me since it featured an interview with Kate Moore, one of the people I wanted to interview. As a result, I was able to find her contact information and send her an interview request.